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Related Concept Videos

Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model01:20

Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model

The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, affecting drug distribution. The central compartment includes blood and highly perfused tissues with rapid drug distribution, while the peripheral compartment contains tissues with slower drug distribution. After a single IV bolus dose, the drug concentration is high in plasma and low in tissues. The drug distribution between compartments...
Compartment Models: Single-Compartment Model01:14

Compartment Models: Single-Compartment Model

The single-compartment model serves as a simplified representation of the human body. This model assumes that the body functions as a single, well-mixed open compartment. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the body and quickly distributes uniformly. The drug then undergoes biotransformation and elimination, ultimately leaving the body. The volume of this compartment is referred to as the apparent volume of distribution into which the drug can uniformly distribute. In this...
Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration01:18

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration

The two-compartment model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration illustrates drug distribution in the body, subdividing it into central and peripheral compartments. This model operates on the concept of two-compartment kinetics. The drug's plasma concentration shows a bi-exponential decline following IV bolus administration, signaling the presence of two disposition processes: distribution and elimination.
The disparity between drug input and the sum of drug transfer rates between...
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections

Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration01:12

Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration

The two-compartment model for extravascular administration represents a drug's absorption and distribution process. It features a central compartment, where the drug is first absorbed, and a peripheral compartment, which illustrates the drug's distribution throughout the body. The rate of change in drug concentration in the central compartment is calculated by three exponents: absorption, distribution, and elimination.
The absorption exponent (ka) indicates the speed at which the drug is...

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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Basics of compounding: repackaging, part 2.

Loyd V Allen1

  • 1International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Edmond, OK 73034, USA. lallen@ijpc.com

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding
|May 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Compounding pharmacists must understand United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) standards for repackaging sterile products. This article clarifies USP-NF guidelines for commercial repackagers and pharmacy-based repackaging for patient-specific needs.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Pharmacy Practice

Background:

  • Compounding pharmacists frequently repackage sterile products.
  • Adherence to established standards is crucial for patient safety and product integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) standards relevant to repackaging sterile products.
  • To differentiate the regulatory and practice considerations for commercial repackagers versus pharmacists repackaging in a pharmacy setting.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of relevant general chapters within the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary.
  • Comparative examination of repackaging practices and standards.

Main Results:

  • The USP-NF provides specific guidelines for sterile product repackaging.
  • Key distinctions exist between commercial repackaging operations and in-pharmacy repackaging for individual patients.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacists must be knowledgeable of USP-NF standards for all repackaging activities.
  • Understanding these distinctions ensures compliance and safe medication handling.