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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Tracking Electrochemistry on Single Nanoparticles with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Microscopy
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Site-selective surface reactions: nitric oxide reduction on Mo(110).

K Queeney1, C M Friend

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|May 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers studied nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction on metal oxide catalysts. They identified low-temperature dinitrosyl species formation and contrasted it with higher-temperature NO dissociation, aiding cleaner emission technologies.

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Published on: February 10, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Surface Chemistry
  • Environmental Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are major air pollutants from combustion.
  • Catalytic converters significantly reduce automotive NOx emissions.
  • Stricter regulations demand more efficient NOx reduction technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand the mechanisms of NOx reduction on metal oxide catalysts.
  • To investigate the role of specific surface sites and reaction pathways.
  • To identify reaction intermediates for improved catalyst design.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic study of NO reactions on thin-film oxides grown on Mo(110).
  • Utilizing surface-sensitive spectroscopies to identify surface intermediates.
  • Controlled variation of oxide coordination sites for NO binding.

Main Results:

  • Identified low-temperature NO coupling to form a dinitrosyl species.
  • Contrasted this pathway with higher-temperature NO dissociation and N atom coupling.
  • Demonstrated the influence of oxide surface structure on reaction mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding NO reaction mechanisms on oxides is crucial for developing advanced catalysts.
  • The dinitrosyl pathway represents a key low-temperature reaction mechanism.
  • Tailoring oxide surface properties can optimize NOx reduction efficiency.