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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
Biofuels01:25

Biofuels

The microbial conversion of organic matter into biofuels holds potential as a renewable energy source. Among biofuel sources, microalgae are recognized as a highly efficient and adaptable feedstock for biodiesel production, owing to their rapid biomass accumulation, elevated lipid productivity, and capacity to proliferate in diverse aquatic systems, including freshwater, marine, and wastewater habitats. Unlike terrestrial crops, microalgae do not compete for land and can achieve significantly...
Fats as Energy Storage Molecules01:06

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis directly...
Fats as Energy Storage Molecules01:06

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis directly...
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Electrochemical Cells

Electrochemical cells are systems that convert chemical energy into electrical energy or use electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. They consist of two electrodes in contact with an electrolyte, where redox reactions enable electron transfer. Most electrochemical cells include two half-cells connected by an external wire for electron flow and a salt bridge for ion flow. The salt bridge contains an electrolyte solution and maintains charge neutrality by allowing ions—not electrons—to...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Membraneless Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells as a Promising Clean Energy Source
06:39

Membraneless Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells as a Promising Clean Energy Source

Published on: October 20, 2023

Fuel cells: principles, types, fuels, and applications.

L Carrette1, K A Friedrich, U Stimming

  • 1Physik Department E 19 Technische Universität München James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching, Germany.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|May 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Fuel cells offer a cleaner alternative to conventional energy, with applications in vehicles and portable devices. This review covers their fundamentals, types, and integration into systems.

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A Guide to Concentration Alternating Frequency Response Analysis of Fuel Cells

Published on: December 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Conversion
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Growing environmental concerns and the need for sustainable energy solutions drive fuel cell research.
  • Fuel cells present advantages over conventional energy conversion techniques.
  • Increasing demand for efficient power in automotive, distributed generation, and portable electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals and applications of fuel cells.
  • To discuss the environmental and social factors influencing fuel cell development.
  • To compare fuel cell efficiencies with internal combustion engines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on fuel cell technology.
  • Analysis of thermodynamic and kinetic principles of fuel cells.
  • Examination of material science aspects and fuel generation/storage.

Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of fuel cell reactions and energy conversion processes.
  • Comparison of theoretical and real efficiencies with internal combustion engines.
  • Overview of different fuel cell types, components, materials, and fuel logistics.

Conclusions:

  • Fuel cells are a promising technology for diverse applications, offering environmental benefits.
  • Understanding fundamentals, materials, and system integration is crucial for practical implementation.
  • Further development is supported by societal and environmental drivers.