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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling
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Published on: December 21, 2017

Translational redefinition of UGA codons is regulated by selenium availability.

Michael T Howard1, Bradley A Carlson, Christine B Anderson

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA. mhoward@genetics.utah.edu

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|May 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Dietary selenium levels regulate selenoprotein synthesis by controlling the genetic code readout. Selenium availability influences the efficiency of selenocysteine incorporation, impacting gene expression.

Keywords:
RecodingRibosome ProfilingSeleniumSelenocysteineSelenoproteinTransfer RNA (tRNA)Translation Control

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling
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Published on: December 21, 2017

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
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Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
10:21

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Published on: February 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mammalian selenoprotein synthesis involves translational recoding of UGA codons to selenocysteine (Sec).
  • Dietary selenium is crucial for producing selenoproteins, but its precise regulatory role at the translational level is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how dietary selenium levels affect the translational mechanisms controlling selenoprotein synthesis in mouse liver.
  • To elucidate the gene-specific regulation of selenoprotein expression influenced by selenium availability.

Main Methods:

  • Ribosome profiling was employed to analyze translation dynamics in mouse liver under varying dietary selenium conditions.
  • Analysis included mRNA abundance, translation initiation, UGA redefinition, and Sec incorporation efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Dietary selenium levels primarily control selenoprotein expression at the translational level through differential regulation of UGA redefinition and Sec incorporation.
  • Increased dietary selenium led to higher ribosome density downstream of UGA-Sec codons and was partly mediated by Sec-tRNA([Ser]Sec) Um34 methylation.
  • Evidence of translation in 5'-UTRs and ribosome pausing near UGA-Sec codons was observed for specific selenoprotein mRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary selenium availability significantly impacts the genetic code readout, altering selenoprotein synthesis.
  • The study provides direct evidence for selenium's role in modulating Sec incorporation efficiency and ribosome dynamics.
  • These findings highlight the intricate relationship between trace element nutrition and gene expression regulation at the post-transcriptional level.