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Related Concept Videos

Pressure of Fluids01:14

Pressure of Fluids

There are many examples of pressure in fluids in everyday life, such as in relation to blood (high or low blood pressure) and in relation to weather (high- and low-pressure weather systems). A given force can have a significantly different effect, depending on the area over which the force is exerted. For instance, a force applied to an area of 1 mm2 has a pressure that is 100 times greater than the same force applied to an area of 1 cm2. That's why a sharp needle is able to poke through skin...
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest01:11

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
When measuring pressure at two different levels within the fluid, the difference in pressure...
Fluid Pressure01:14

Fluid Pressure

In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
According to Pascal's law, a fluid at rest will generate equal pressure in all directions. This pressure is measured as a force per unit area, and its magnitude depends on the fluid's specific weight or...
Characteristics of Fluids01:20

Characteristics of Fluids

When a force is applied parallel to the top surface of a solid, it resists the applied force due to the internal frictional forces between the layers of the solid known as shearing resistance. However, when the force is removed, the shearing forces restore the original shape of the solid. Other deformation forces also cause temporary changes in shape if the forces are not beyond a threshold magnitude. Solids tend to retain their shape, making the study of their rest and motion easier. Beyond...
Characteristics of Fluids01:31

Characteristics of Fluids

Fluids differ from solids primarily in their molecular structure and stress response. Solids have tightly packed molecules with strong intermolecular forces, maintaining their shape and resisting deformation. In contrast, fluids have molecules spaced farther apart with weaker forces, allowing them to flow and deform easily.
Fluids, which include both liquids and gases, are substances that deform continuously under shearing stress. For example, water and oil are liquids with molecules that can...
Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...

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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Communication: Pressure fluctuations in isotropic solids and fluids.

J P Wittmer1, H Xu, P Polińska

  • 1Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France. joachim.wittmer@ics-cnrs.unistra.fr

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|May 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study explores pressure and elastic moduli in solids and fluids. We found a direct method to calculate the compression modulus (K) using stress fluctuations, simplifying calculations for materials science.

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Published on: December 4, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Materials Science
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Understanding the elastic properties of isotropic solids and fluids is crucial in materials science.
  • Current methods for calculating elastic moduli can be complex, often requiring detailed microscopic analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate correlations between instantaneous pressure and its ideal/excess contributions in solids and fluids.
  • To develop a direct method for calculating the compression modulus (K) using stress fluctuations.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of isotropic solids and fluids under imposed volume or pressure conditions.
  • Analysis of instantaneous pressure and its ideal and excess contributions.
  • Computation of the Rowlinson stress fluctuation expression for the compression modulus in NPT-ensembles.

Main Results:

  • A stress fluctuation representation of elastic moduli is derived directly, bypassing microscopic displacement fields.
  • The Rowlinson stress fluctuation expression for the compression modulus was computed for NPT-ensembles.
  • A theoretical and numerical relationship was established: K(row∣P) = P(id)(2 - P(id)∕K), where P(id) is the ideal pressure contribution.

Conclusions:

  • The stress fluctuation method provides a direct route to elastic moduli, simplifying calculations.
  • The derived formula offers a novel way to compute the compression modulus from pressure contributions.
  • This approach enhances the understanding of thermodynamic and mechanical properties of materials.