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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
Longitudinal diffusion occurs when the solute molecules in the mobile phase diffuse from the more concentrated center of the chromatographic band to the more dilute regions on either side, both towards and against the flow direction. This...
Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport01:23

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport

Passive transport is a method of drug absorption where small, lipid-soluble drugs can move across the cell membrane. This movement happens along the concentration gradient, which is a natural flow from higher to lower concentration areas. The speed at which the drug moves is directly related to its lipid–water partition coefficient. This means that the more a drug dissolves in lipids, the faster it diffuses or spreads throughout the body. It is important to note that most drugs are either weak...

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In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
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Long-range diffusion in xylitol-water mixtures.

Khalid Elamin1, Stefano Cazzato, Johan Sjöström

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|May 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) reveal an ultraslow relaxation process in xylitol-water mixtures, attributed to molecular diffusion rather than structural inhomogeneities. This finding clarifies relaxation dynamics in binary liquids.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Understanding relaxation dynamics in liquid mixtures is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Previous studies often attributed ultraslow relaxation processes to long-range concentration fluctuations, supported by structural inhomogeneity observations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of an ultraslow relaxation process observed in xylitol-water mixtures using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS).
  • To reconcile DLS findings with previous dielectric relaxation and quasielastic neutron scattering studies.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to probe relaxation dynamics.
  • Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) to investigate structural inhomogeneities.
  • Analysis of polarized light scattering data.

Main Results:

  • An ultraslow relaxation process was observed via DLS, distinct from the faster structural alpha-relaxation.
  • No structural inhomogeneities were detected by SANS on length scales above 2 nm, contradicting typical interpretations of such ultraslow processes.
  • Extrapolation of the ultraslow process's relaxation time to higher q-values yielded results consistent with dielectric alpha-relaxation.

Conclusions:

  • The observed ultraslow relaxation in DLS is likely due to the long-range diffusion of individual xylitol molecules or small molecular clusters, not large-scale structural inhomogeneities.
  • The significant time scale difference observed in DLS is attributed to the cooperative nature of alpha-relaxation, which is q-independent at low q-values, rather than single-particle diffusion.