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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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Epigenetic reprogramming: preparing the epigenome for the next generation.

Catherine M Rose1, Sander van den Driesche, Richard R Meehan

  • 1Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|May 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Germ cell epigenetic reprogramming involves DNA methylation erasure and re-establishment, crucial for regulating this cell lineage. This process, studied in mice, highlights key developmental timing for DNA demethylation and remethylation.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Germ cell epigenetic reprogramming is essential for establishing correct gene regulation.
  • This process involves genome-wide DNA methylation erasure and re-establishment.
  • Histone modification profiles and histone variant incorporation also play critical roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key events in germ cell epigenetic reprogramming.
  • To highlight the temporal dynamics of DNA methylation erasure and re-establishment in mice.
  • To underscore the importance of histone modifications in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on germ cell epigenetic reprogramming in model organisms, primarily mice.
  • Analysis of temporal data regarding DNA methylation changes during embryonic development.
  • Examination of associated histone modification dynamics.

Main Results:

  • DNA demethylation initiates around embryonic day 8, with rapid erasure between embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5.
  • This is concurrent with decreased H3K9 dimethylation and increased H3K27 trimethylation.
  • DNA remethylation occurs late in gestation (males) and postnatally (females), with exceptions at specific genomic sequences.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming in germ cells is a complex, temporally regulated process vital for lineage establishment.
  • While extensively studied in mice, cross-species conservation requires further investigation.
  • Emerging DNA modifications present new avenues for exploring germ cell epigenetics.