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Related Concept Videos

Perception01:28

Perception

Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...
Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...
Actor-Observer Effect01:23

Actor-Observer Effect

The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in visual...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Temporal predictability facilitates action, not perception.

Roland Thomaschke1, Gesine Dreisbach

  • 1Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. roland.thomaschke@psychologie.uni-regensburg.de

Psychological Science
|May 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Temporal predictability of response effectors, not targets or goals, enhances action control. This finding is crucial for understanding human action and optimizing human-machine interactions with system delays.

Keywords:
attentionmotor processestemporal frequencytime estimationtime perception

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Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes
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Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes
09:27

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Human Motor Control
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Action control relies on anticipating future requirements.
  • Temporal predictability is a key factor influencing cognitive processing and performance.
  • Understanding how temporal cues affect action is vital for human-machine interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate which specific cognitive processes benefit from temporal predictability in action.
  • To differentiate the effects of predicting targets, response goals, or response effectors.
  • To elucidate the role of temporal expectancy in speeded choice-reaction tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a binary forced-choice paradigm with visual targets.
  • Manipulated temporal intervals preceding targets to create predictable and unpredictable conditions.
  • Varied predictability across target stimuli, response goals, and response effectors.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral advantages were observed specifically when response effectors were temporally predictable.
  • Temporal predictability of response goals or target stimuli did not yield significant behavioral benefits.
  • Temporal expectancy facilitates late, effector-specific motor processing in reaction time tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Temporal expectancy primarily benefits late-stage motor processing, specifically related to effector selection.
  • Predicting response effectors is more critical for performance enhancement than predicting targets or goals.
  • Findings inform basic science of action control and practical applications in human-machine systems.