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Updated: May 11, 2026

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
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Published on: March 24, 2023

Executive functioning skills in long-term users of cochlear implants: a case control study.

William G Kronenberger1, David B Pisoni, Shirley C Henning

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, USA. wkronenb@iupui.edu

Journal of Pediatric Psychology
|May 24, 2013
PubMed
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Children with cochlear implants (CIs) show executive functioning weaknesses compared to normal-hearing peers. These cognitive differences in deaf children with CIs highlight potential long-term impacts beyond speech development.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Audiology

Background:

  • Childhood auditory deprivation may impact domain-general cognitive skills, including executive functioning.
  • Cochlear implants (CIs) aim to mitigate effects of deafness, but cognitive outcomes require further investigation.
  • Executive functioning is crucial for goal-directed behavior and academic success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare executive functioning in prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) to normal-hearing (NH) peers.
  • To assess the influence of long-term CI use on executive functioning.
  • To identify specific executive functioning domains affected by childhood deafness and CI intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Compared executive functioning in 53 prelingually deaf CI users (CI before age 7, ≥7 years of use) with age- and nonverbal IQ-matched NH peers.
Keywords:
cognitive assessmentdeafness and hearing lossneuropsychology

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  • Utilized standardized assessments for executive functioning.
  • Compared CI sample performance against established scale norms.

    • Main Results:

    • Despite above-average nonverbal IQ, the CI group scored lower than NH peers and norms in short-term/working memory, fluency-speed, and inhibition-concentration.
    • Executive functioning performance was largely independent of demographic and hearing history variables.
    • Specific deficits were observed in key executive functioning components.

    Conclusions:

    • Prelingual deafness, even with long-term cochlear implant use, is associated with an elevated risk for executive functioning weaknesses.
    • These findings suggest that auditory deprivation during critical developmental periods may have lasting effects on higher-order cognitive processes.
    • Further research is warranted to explore interventions supporting executive functioning in deaf children with CIs.