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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tg(fli:EGFP) Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature
10:07

Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tg(fli:EGFP) Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature

Published on: December 26, 2017

New concepts in diabetic embryopathy.

Zhiyong Zhao1, E Albert Reece

  • 1Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. zzhao@fpi.umaryland.edu

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
|May 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic embryopathy, a cause of birth defects in diabetic pregnancies, persists despite advanced care. Research using animal models highlights cellular and metabolic disruptions, necessitating collaboration for human applications.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tg(fli:EGFP) Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental toxicology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus contributes to approximately 10% of fetal anomalies in pregnancies affected by the condition.
  • Despite advanced perinatal care and glycemic control in developed nations, diabetic pregnancies exhibit elevated birth defect rates compared to the general population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic embryopathy.
  • To emphasize the need for translational research bridging animal studies and human clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal models investigating diabetic embryopathy.
  • Analysis of cellular activities (proliferation, apoptosis) and intracellular metabolic stress (nitrosative, oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum stress).

Main Results:

  • Animal models demonstrate that major cellular activities and intracellular metabolic conditions are linked to diabetic embryopathy.
  • Key factors include disruptions in proliferation, apoptosis, and various forms of cellular stress.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetic embryopathy involves complex cellular and metabolic dysregulation.
  • Translating findings from animal models to human clinical practice requires interdisciplinary collaboration among basic, preclinical, and clinical researchers.