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Updated: May 11, 2026

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4⁺ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Published on: June 23, 2019

HIV-associated bacterial pneumonia.

Charles Feldman¹, Ronald Anderson

¹Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa. charles.feldman@wits.ac.za

Clinics in Chest Medicine

|May 25, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP) is a common infection in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Prevention strategies include smoking cessation, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and vaccinations.

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Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Immunology
Public Health

Background:

Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP) is a frequent opportunistic infection in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
The incidence of CAP correlates inversely with CD4 cell counts, indicating increased risk with declining immune status.
Bacterial pathogens causing CAP in HIV-infected individuals are largely consistent with those in the general population, notably Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the epidemiology and prevention strategies for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
To highlight the importance of a multifaceted approach to CAP prevention in this vulnerable population.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on CAP in HIV-infected individuals.
Analysis of pathogen prevalence and risk factors.
Synthesis of current prevention recommendations.

Main Results:

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial pathogen causing CAP in HIV-infected patients.
Lower CD4 counts are associated with a higher risk of CAP.
Effective prevention requires addressing smoking, adherence to antiretroviral therapy, and vaccination.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive prevention strategies are essential for reducing CAP incidence in HIV-infected individuals.
Key interventions include smoking cessation, optimizing antiretroviral therapy adherence, and ensuring up-to-date immunizations.
Continued research and clinical focus on CAP in HIV are warranted.