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Updated: May 11, 2026

Highly-Multiplexed Tissue Imaging with Raman Dyes
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A Raman-based endoscopic strategy for multiplexed molecular imaging.

Cristina L Zavaleta1, Ellis Garai, Jonathan T C Liu

  • 1Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 25, 2013
PubMed
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A novel noncontact Raman spectroscopy endoscope accessory provides real-time biochemical information, enhancing cancer detection. This advanced tool improves early diagnosis by identifying molecular markers and distinguishing cancerous from normal tissues.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Molecular Imaging
  • Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Background:

  • Conventional endoscopy lacks biochemical information crucial for early cancer detection.
  • Current methods struggle to differentiate between normal and precancerous tissues effectively.
  • There is a need for advanced endoscopic tools providing molecular insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a noncontact, fiber optic-based Raman spectroscopy device for clinical endoscopy.
  • To enable real-time, multiplexed detection of molecular imaging contrast agents.
  • To enhance the diagnostic capabilities of endoscopy for early cancer detection and molecular typing.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a noncontact Raman spectroscopy accessory for clinical endoscopes.
Keywords:
colonoscopyoptical

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  • Utilizing functionalized surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles as contrast agents.
  • Characterization using excised human tissue samples and SERS particles at varying concentrations and working distances.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated high sensitivity, detecting concentrations as low as 326-fM SERS nanoparticles.
    • Achieved multiplexing capabilities, unmixing 10 variations of colocalized SERS nanoparticles.
    • Operates effectively over a wide working distance range (1-10 mm).

    Conclusions:

    • The noncontact Raman endoscope offers real-time, multiplexed biochemical and functional information.
    • This technology can significantly improve the early detection of cancerous and precancerous tissues, including flat lesions.
    • It has the potential to revolutionize cancer screening and molecular typing during endoscopy.