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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
07:30

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Published on: May 1, 2018

Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries.

Christopher S Ahmad1, Lauren H Redler, Michael G Ciccotti

  • 1Lauren H. Redler, Center for Shoulder, Elbow, and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, PH-11 Center, New York, NY 10032. lauren.redler@gmail.com.

The American Journal of Sports Medicine
|May 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hamstring injuries are common in athletes, causing significant impairment. This review covers their history, classification, and the latest evidence on managing these sports injuries, including surgical and nonoperative treatments.

Keywords:
biceps femoriscell therapydistal hamstring resectionhamstringhamstring injury preventionplatelet-rich plasmaproximal hamstring repairsemimembranosussemitendinosus

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Published on: May 26, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Athletic Training

Background:

  • Hamstring injuries represent 29% of all athletic injuries, leading to prolonged impairment and high reinjury rates (12-31%).
  • Injuries range from mild strains to complete muscle tears, impacting athletes' careers and performance.
  • Accurate diagnosis and management are crucial for optimal recovery and return to sport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of hamstring injuries in athletes.
  • To discuss the history, mechanisms of injury, and classification systems.
  • To present current evidence on the management, surgical indications, and prevention strategies for hamstring injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical data, epidemiological studies, and clinical research on hamstring injuries.
  • Analysis of diagnostic advancements, including novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scoring systems.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding nonoperative and operative treatment modalities, biological augmentation, and injury prevention protocols.

Main Results:

  • Hamstring injuries are a significant concern in sports, with diverse injury patterns and severity.
  • Novel MRI scores enhance the precision in predicting return-to-sport timelines.
  • Current management strategies encompass conservative care, surgical interventions for specific avulsions, and biological augmentation.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of hamstring injury mechanisms and classifications is essential for effective treatment.
  • Advances in imaging and treatment options offer improved outcomes for athletes.
  • Focus on risk reduction and injury prevention is critical to minimize the incidence and recurrence of hamstring injuries.