Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 11, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
Published on: April 23, 2014
[Development of a Japanese version of the Valuation of Life (VOL) scale]
Takeshi Nakagawa1, Yasuyuki Gondo, Yukie Masui
1Graduate School of Human Sciences, Clinical Thanatology and Geriatric Behavioral Science, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan. takeshi@hus.osaka-u.ac.jp
Abstract:
This study developed a Japanese version of the Valuation of Life (VOL) scale, to measure psychological wellbeing among older adults. In Analysis 1, we conducted a factor analysis of 13 items, and identified two factors: positive VOL and spiritual well-being. These factors had adequate degrees of internal consistency, and were related to positive mental health. In Analysis 2, we examined sociodemographic, social, and health predictors for VOL. The role of social factors was stronger than the role of health factors, and spiritual well-being was more related to moral or religious activities than positive VOL. These results suggest that predictors for VOL vary by culture. In Analysis 3, we investigated the relationship between VOL and desired years of life. Positive VOL significantly predicted more desired years of life, whereas spiritual well-being did not. Positive VOL had acceptable reliability and validity. Future research is required to investigate whether VOL predicts survival duration or end-of-life decisions.
Related Concept Videos
Life Tables
Applications of Life Tables
Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Primary Appraisal:...
Actuarial Approach
Consider the example of a high-risk surgical procedure with significant early-stage mortality. A two-year clinical study is conducted,...
Kubler Ross's Stages of Dying
In denial, individuals reject the reality of their condition, often thinking, "This isn't true; I feel fine," as a way to protect themselves from emotional distress. Anger...
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model