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Updated: May 11, 2026

Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry
Published on: April 29, 2020
Pattern of activation of human antigen presenting cells by genotype GII.4 norovirus virus-like particles
Eleonora Ponterio1, Annacarmen Petrizzo, Ilaria Di Bartolo
1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V,le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Background:
Virus-like particles (VLPs) from an Italian GII.4 norovirus strain were used to investigate activation and maturation of circulating antigen presenting cells (APCs) of human origin.
Methods:
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from five healthy subjects were pulsed ex vivo with VLPs, and stained with a set of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry. Cytokine release in cell supernatants was investigated by ELISA.
Results:
Norovirus VLPs induced activation and maturation of circulating APCs derived from the five donors, as well as production of IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines.
Conclusions:
The present results suggest that VLPs can activate antigen presenting cells for an efficient induction of the adaptive immune response.
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