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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

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An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations

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Inactive or moderately active human promoters are enriched for inter-individual epialleles.

Carolina Gemma, Sreeram V Ramagopalan, Thomas A Down

|May 28, 2013

Summary

Epiallelic variation in humans is temporally stable and linked to chromatin changes. This epigenetic variation connects normal differences, cancer, and aging processes.

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Area of Science:

Epigenetics
Genomics
Mammalian biology

Background:

Epigenetic variation exists between individuals in many species.
In mammals, epialleles are poorly understood, with a limited focus on DNA methylation.
This study provides a genome-scale investigation of mammalian epialleles.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the molecular nature of mammalian epiallelic variation.
To integrate genomic, methylomic, transcriptomic, and histone data.
To define features of human epialleles and their links to biological processes.

Main Methods:

Genome-scale analysis of epialleles.
Integration of methylomic, transcriptomic, and histone data.
Temporal stability assessment of differentially methylated regions.

Main Results:

Non-genetically determined differentially methylated regions are temporally stable.
Epialleles are associated with chromatin state changes, including H2A.Z levels.
Promoter epialleles show negligible correlation with gene expression and are linked to transcriptional inactivity.

Conclusions:

Non-genetically determined epialleles exhibit temporal stability and affect chromatin.
Epiallelic variation may link normal biological variation, cancer, and aging.
Identifies key features of human epiallelic variation.