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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...

Structures of the Endocrine System

Structures of the Endocrine System

The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...

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Permanent and plastic epigenesis in neuroendocrine systems.

Catherine J Auger¹, Anthony P Auger

¹Neuroscience Training Program and Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. apauger@wisc.edu

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

|May 28, 2013

Summary

Neuroepigenetics influences mental health by altering neuroendocrine systems during development and adulthood. Understanding stable and plastic epigenetic changes may reveal ways to reverse harmful programming.

Keywords:

Brain Coactivators Epigenetic Histones MeCP2 Methylation Sex difference Sexual differentiation Steroid hormones Vasopressin

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Epigenetics
Mental Health

Background:

Neuroepigenetics is increasingly linked to mental health disorders.
Gene×environment interactions are often studied via epigenetic modifications in neuroendocrine systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To review how neuroepigenetic mechanisms in brain development impact neuroendocrine systems.
To explore the plasticity of neuroepigenetic processes in the adult brain.

Main Methods:

Literature review of neuroepigenetics research.
Analysis of epigenetic modifications in neuroendocrine systems.
Examination of developmental and adult brain plasticity.

Main Results:

Neuroepigenetic mechanisms during development establish long-term neuroendocrine differences.
Certain neuroepigenetic processes retain plasticity in the adult brain.

Conclusions:

Epigenetic mechanisms can be both stable and plastic.
Identifying reversal mechanisms for epigenetic changes could help treat pathological programming.