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Preclinical Development: Overview

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...

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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Published on: September 28, 2022

Preparing MD-PhD students for clinical rotations: navigating the interface between PhD and MD training.

Charles Goldberg¹, Paul A Insel

¹University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA. charles.goldberg@va.gov

Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges

|May 28, 2013

Summary

Reimmersion programs (RPs) help MD-PhD students bridge the gap between research and clinical training. RPs enhance clinical skills and reduce anxiety, improving readiness for patient care.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Published on: September 28, 2022

Area of Science:

Medical Education
Translational Science

Background:

MD-PhD programs face challenges in preparing students for translational clinician-scientist roles.
A significant hurdle is the transition from intensive PhD research back to clinical rotations, where MD-PhD students exhibit skill deficits compared to MD-only peers.

Discussion:

Reimmersion programs (RPs) offer a structured approach to address these clinical skill gaps.
RPs incorporate diverse activities like clinical exam review, objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), and supervised patient care to bolster readiness.
MD-PhD students report feeling underprepared due to extended periods away from clinical environments, impacting their confidence in patient interactions.

Key Insights:

MD-PhD students experience a decline in clinical skills during their PhD studies.
RPs effectively enhance participants' comfort and competence in patient examination and communication.
These programs can significantly reduce anxiety associated with clinical encounters.

Outlook:

RPs show promise in optimizing the transition from PhD research to clinical training in dual-degree programs.
Further investigation and implementation of RPs are crucial for improving the overall educational experience for MD-PhD students.
Addressing critical transition points is key to fostering successful clinician-scientists.