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Related Concept Videos

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Identification of Novel CK2 Kinase Substrates Using a Versatile Biochemical Approach
11:11

Identification of Novel CK2 Kinase Substrates Using a Versatile Biochemical Approach

Published on: February 21, 2019

cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGK).

Franz Hofmann1, Jörg W Wegener

  • 1FOR 923, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|May 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs) regulate smooth muscle tone, platelet aggregation, and intestinal secretion. This review explores their roles in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular processes, including cell growth and metabolism.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs) are serine/threonine kinases crucial for cellular signaling.
  • Two genes, prkg1 and prkg2, encode cGKs, with prkg1 producing cGKIα and cGKIβ isoforms.
  • cGKs are key downstream effectors of nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)/cGMP pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles of cGKs in physiological processes.
  • To highlight the involvement of cGKs in both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular functions.
  • To discuss the impact of cGKs on cell growth and metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cGMP-dependent protein kinases.
  • Analysis of gene expression patterns and protein localization of cGKI and cGKII.

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Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay
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Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

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Identification of Novel CK2 Kinase Substrates Using a Versatile Biochemical Approach
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Understanding the Development of Compensatory Pathways in a Mutant Malaria Parasite Harbouring Hypomorphic Allele of Plant-Like Kinases
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Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

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  • Synthesis of research on cGK functions in various tissues and signaling pathways.

    • Main Results:

    • cGKI is prominent in smooth muscle and platelets, regulating muscle tone and preventing aggregation.
    • cGKII is found in the intestine, adrenal cortex, and chondrocytes, influencing secretion and bone growth.
    • Both cGKs are implicated in cardiovascular functions and non-cardiovascular processes like cell growth and metabolism.

    Conclusions:

    • cGKs play critical roles in regulating diverse physiological functions, from smooth muscle relaxation to intestinal secretion.
    • Understanding cGK signaling is essential for comprehending cardiovascular health and metabolic regulation.
    • Further research into cGKs may reveal therapeutic targets for various diseases.