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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Published on: January 24, 2013

Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms.

Roberto Refinetti¹, Germaine Cornélissen, Franz Halberg

¹Circadian Rhythm Laboratory, University of South Carolina, SC, USA.

Biological Rhythm Research

|May 28, 2013

Summary

This review covers methods for analyzing circadian rhythms across different biological levels, from populations to molecules. It details visual and mathematical techniques for time series analysis, aiding researchers in understanding biological timing.

Keywords:

Biostatistics chronobiology chronomics circadian rhythm time series analysis

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Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

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Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

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Published on: November 11, 2016

Area of Science:

Chronobiology
Biological Rhythms
Time Series Analysis

Background:

Circadian rhythms govern physiological processes at multiple biological scales.
Accurate analysis of these rhythms is crucial for understanding health and disease.
Existing methodologies vary in complexity and application.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of analytical procedures for circadian rhythms.
To cover methods applicable at populational, organismal, cellular, and molecular levels.
To guide researchers in selecting appropriate analytical techniques.

Main Methods:

Review of established and emerging analytical procedures for circadian rhythm data.
Inclusion of visual inspection techniques (e.g., time plots, actograms).
Detailed description of mathematical and computational methods for time series analysis.

Main Results:

A wide spectrum of analytical methods is available for circadian rhythm research.
Both qualitative (visual) and quantitative (mathematical) approaches are presented.
Computational aspects and practical resources are detailed.

Conclusions:

Effective analysis of circadian rhythms requires careful selection of appropriate methods.
This review serves as a resource for researchers across various disciplines.
Understanding these analytical procedures enhances the study of biological timing mechanisms.