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Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...
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Updated: May 11, 2026

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay
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Chapter 7: Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.

Adrienne M Laury1, Sarah K Wise

  • 1Applied Medical Research Center, St Vincent’s Hospital and University of New South Wales, and Macquarie University, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
|May 29, 2013
PubMed
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Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a chronic sinus condition characterized by nasal polyps and fungal hypersensitivity. Research is clarifying its classification and pathophysiology, aiding treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis.
  • Characterized by nasal polyps, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, eosinophilic mucin, and positive fungal stains.
  • Historically, AFRS affects immunocompetent individuals, with a higher prevalence in the southeastern and south-central United States.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To further elucidate the pathophysiology of AFRS.
  • To address ongoing debates regarding AFRS classification and disease predominance.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of AFRS presentation and management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on AFRS.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and diagnostic findings.
  • Synthesis of current treatment approaches.

Main Results:

  • AFRS classically presents with sinus pressure, hyposmia, and congestion.
  • Radiographic findings often show unilateral, heterogeneously dense sinus material with potential bony erosion.
  • Eosinophilic mucin and positive fungal stains are key diagnostic indicators.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding AFRS pathophysiology is crucial for accurate classification and management.
  • Multimodal treatment, including surgery, irrigations, steroids, and immunotherapy, aims to reduce fungal load and immune response.
  • Continued research is necessary to refine understanding and treatment of this complex condition.