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Related Concept Videos

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes
07:26

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes

Published on: February 22, 2012

Animal papillomaviruses.

Annabel Rector1, Marc Van Ranst

  • 1Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Virology
|May 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animal papillomaviruses show diverse host ranges and genomic structures, extending to all amniotes. Some viral genomes feature unique organization and potential gene swapping, highlighting evolutionary flexibility in the Papillomaviridae family.

Keywords:
BPCVGenomePapillomavirusRecombination

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Comparative Biology

Background:

  • Animal papillomaviruses (PVs) represent a diverse group of viruses infecting various species.
  • Understanding their host range and genomic diversity is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the host range, taxonomic classification, and genomic diversity of animal PVs.
  • To analyze the genomic organization and identify potential recombination events in animal PVs.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of complete viral genomes available in GenBank.
  • Comparative genomics to assess conserved and divergent genomic features.
  • Review of recent characterizations of PVs from different host species.

Main Results:

  • 112 non-human PV types from 54 host species are documented.
  • Reptilian PVs expand the Papillomaviridae host range to all amniotes.
  • Animal PVs exhibit conserved genomic layout with variations; core ORFs (E1, E2, L2, L1) are universally present.
  • Discovery of papilloma-polyoma hybrid viruses (BPCV1, BPCV2) and recombination breakpoints in cetacean PVs suggests modularity of viral gene cassettes.

Conclusions:

  • Animal PVs demonstrate significant host and genomic diversity, extending across all amniotes.
  • Genomic plasticity, including potential interchange of early and late gene cassettes via recombination, is a notable feature of PV evolution.