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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
Lewis Acids and Bases02:16

Lewis Acids and Bases

This lesson delves into Lewis acids and bases in the context of the octet rule for electron-deficient compounds. Here, the concept is discussed, emphasizing the group 13 elements like boron or aluminium. Since group 13 elements possess three valence electrons, they form trivalent compounds with a sextet of electrons and a vacant orbital for the central atom. Consequently, these electron-deficient compounds accept electrons from other species to complete their octet in a chemical reaction. They...
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen double...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
07:49

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

Calcium-based Lewis acid catalysts.

Jeanne-Marie Begouin1, Meike Niggemann

  • 1Institute for Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lewis acidic calcium salts are novel catalysts for transforming alcohols, olefins, and carbonyl compounds. These stable, selective, and reactive catalysts offer a sustainable alternative to traditional metal or acid catalysts.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional catalysts like transition metals, rare-earth metals, and strong Brønsted acids often face limitations regarding stability, selectivity, and harsh reaction conditions.
  • The development of sustainable and mild catalytic systems is a key area of research in modern chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate novel Lewis acidic calcium salts as catalysts for organic transformations.
  • To highlight the advantages of these calcium-based catalysts over conventional catalytic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of Lewis acidic calcium salts with weakly coordinating anions, including Ca(NTf₂)₂, Ca(OTf)₂, CaF₂, and Ca[OCH(CF₃)₂]₂.
  • Testing the catalytic activity of these salts in the transformation of alcohols, olefins, and carbonyl compounds.

Main Results:

  • The discovered calcium salts exhibit high Lewis acidity.
  • These catalysts demonstrate high stability towards air and moisture.
  • The catalysts show excellent selectivity and reactivity under mild reaction conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Lewis acidic calcium salts represent a sustainable and mild alternative to traditional catalysts.
  • These findings open new avenues for developing efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic processes.