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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is a relatively...
Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
Membrane Lipids01:32

Membrane Lipids

Lipids are an essential component of all biological membranes. The average lipid content in mammalian membranes is 50%, though it can be as low as 20% in the inner mitochondrial membrane or as high as 80% in the myelin sheath present around the nerve cells.
Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin are the most common phospholipids present in mammalian membranes. At physiological pH, phosphatidylserine is negatively charged, while the other three...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
07:26

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Published on: October 15, 2016

Phosphoinositides alter lipid bilayer properties.

Radda Rusinova1, E Ashley Hobart, Roger E Koeppe

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA. rar2021@med.cornell

The Journal of General Physiology
|May 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) alters cell membrane physical properties, affecting protein function. Changes in PIP2 levels impact bilayer elasticity and curvature, influencing cellular signaling pathways.

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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 26, 2019

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
10:52

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Published on: January 6, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
07:26

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Published on: October 15, 2016

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
08:07

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 26, 2019

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
10:52

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Published on: January 6, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is a key plasma membrane phospholipid regulating diverse membrane proteins.
  • The precise mechanisms by which PIP2 regulates many of its targets are not fully understood.
  • PIP2's role in membrane-delimited signaling involves interactions with membrane-spanning proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether phosphoinositides, including PIP2, alter lipid bilayer physical properties like curvature and elasticity.
  • To explore how these changes in bilayer properties might affect the conformational states and function of membrane proteins.
  • To examine the effects of various PIP2 forms and analogues on bilayer properties using gramicidin A channels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized gramicidin A (gA) channels, known for their sensitivity to lipid bilayer properties.
  • Employed gA-based fluorescence quenching and single-channel assays.
  • Tested long-chain PIP2s (brain PIP2, dioleoyl-PIP2) and short-chain phosphoinositides (diC8 PI, PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,5)P2, PI(3,4)P2, PI(3,4,5)P3).

Main Results:

  • Both long-chain PIP2s altered gA channel function similarly when premixed with dioleoyl-phosphocholine.
  • Brain PIP2 was a more potent modifier than dioleoyl-PIP2 when applied through aqueous solution.
  • Short-chain phosphoinositides altered bilayer properties, with potency generally decreasing with increased head group charge; nonphosphoinositide diC8 phospholipids were more potent modifiers than polyphosphoinositides.

Conclusions:

  • Physiological changes in plasma membrane PIP2 levels likely alter lipid bilayer properties, impacting protein function beyond direct interactions.
  • Exogenous PIP2 and its analogues, varying in acyl chain length or phosphorylation, modify lipid bilayer properties at experimental concentrations.
  • These findings highlight the physical influence of PIP2 on membrane mechanics and protein regulation.