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Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand
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Sulfate conjugates are urinary markers of inhalation exposure to 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3)

Kiran Dhakal1, Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd, Hans-Joachim Lehmler

  • 1Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology and Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.

Chemical Research in Toxicology
|May 30, 2013
PubMed

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...
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