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Related Concept Videos

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the anxiety of...
Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance

Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable options,...
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Horney's Sociocultural Approach01:27

Horney's Sociocultural Approach

Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as dependence on...
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who are...
Bystander Effect02:09

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

Rape avoidance behavior among Slovak women.

Pavol Prokop1

  • 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Trnava University, Priemyselná 4, 918 43 Trnava, Slovakia. pavol.prokop@savba.sk

Evolutionary Psychology : an International Journal of Evolutionary Approaches to Psychology and Behavior
|May 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Women

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Human Behavior
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Rape presents significant costs to women, including disease, abandonment, and unwanted pregnancy.
  • Evolutionary theory suggests selection may favor behavioral strategies for avoiding sexual coercion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of physical condition, relationship status, and reproductive state on women's rape avoidance behaviors.
  • To examine the evolutionary underpinnings of rape avoidance strategies in women.

Main Methods:

  • Survey-based research documenting women's self-reported rape avoidance behaviors.
  • Analysis correlating physical strength perception, relationship commitment, virginity status, conception risk, age, and avoidance behaviors.

Main Results:

  • Physically stronger women and those in committed relationships reported higher rape avoidance.
  • Virgin women exhibited more avoidance behaviors than non-virgin counterparts.
  • High conception risk correlated with perceived physical strength; older women reported more avoidance, contrary to some predictions.

Conclusions:

  • Findings partially support evolutionary hypotheses regarding rape avoidance.
  • Perception of rape risk is influenced by factors like perceived physical condition and potentially parental investment.
  • Some results, particularly regarding age, suggest complexities beyond simple evolutionary predictions.