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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

Hearing loss differentially affects thalamic drive to two cortical interneuron subtypes.

Anne E Takesian1, Vibhakar C Kotak, Neeti Sharma

  • 1Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA. Anne.Takesian@childrens.harvard.edu

Journal of Neurophysiology
|May 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developmental hearing loss alters brain pathways. Compensatory changes in excitatory synapses onto inhibitory neurons are specific to cell type, mirroring changes in inhibitory afferents.

Keywords:
auditory cortexdevelopmentfast-spiking interneuronlow threshold-spiking interneuronsensorineural hearing loss

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Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging
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Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging

Published on: September 18, 2015

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
09:44

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Published on: January 25, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging
06:05

Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging

Published on: September 18, 2015

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
09:44

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Published on: January 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory systems
  • Synaptic plasticity

Background:

  • Sensory deprivation, like hearing loss, induces central nervous system adjustments.
  • These neural changes aim to compensate for reduced sensory input.
  • Compensatory mechanisms are hypothesized to work synergistically within functional pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate excitatory thalamic input to distinct cortical inhibitory interneurons.
  • To determine if compensatory synaptic changes are cell-type specific following developmental hearing loss.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-cell recordings from fast-spiking (FS) and low threshold-spiking (LTS) interneurons in thalamocortical slices.
  • Analysis of medial geniculate (MG)-evoked postsynaptic potentials.
  • Comparison of synaptic properties in normal versus hearing-loss conditions.

Main Results:

  • Hearing loss reduced excitatory drive to FS cells but increased it to LTS cells.
  • Excitatory synapses onto FS cells showed less short-term depression.
  • Excitatory synapses onto LTS cells exhibited greater short-term depression.
  • These excitatory synaptic changes mirrored previously observed alterations in inhibitory afferents.

Conclusions:

  • Deprivation-induced synaptic adjustments onto inhibitory interneurons are cell-type specific.
  • These specific changes parallel alterations in the inhibitory afferents themselves.
  • Findings support the model of synergistic, pathway-specific compensatory changes in response to sensory loss.