Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan
Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis
Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan
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Updated: May 11, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Coenraad F N Koegelenberg1, Andreas H Diacon
1Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. coeniefn@sun.ac.za
Image-guided pleural biopsy, combined with repeat thoracocentesis, offers a safe and effective method for diagnosing pleural exudates. This approach enhances diagnostic yield, particularly for malignant pleural disease, proving more cost-effective than other methods.
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