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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Processes at Electrodes01:30

Processes at Electrodes

The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...
Electrodeposition01:08

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are employed to...
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...

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Precise Electrochemical Sizing of Individual Electro-Inactive Particles
05:03

Precise Electrochemical Sizing of Individual Electro-Inactive Particles

Published on: August 4, 2023

Particle size and support effects in electrocatalysis.

Brian E Hayden1

  • 1Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|May 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Catalyst particle size and support material significantly impact electrocatalyst performance. Smaller particles (under 2-3 nm) decrease activity, while titania supports can enhance gold catalyst activity for CO oxidation and oxygen reduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrocatalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Supported metal electrocatalysts' activity and selectivity depend on particle size, structure, and support.
  • Model studies on supported heterogeneous catalysts inform understanding of these effects.
  • High-throughput methods enable systematic investigation of catalyst trends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate methods for dispersing precious metals on carbon and oxide supports.
  • Focus on developing low-temperature fuel-cell electrocatalysts.
  • Understand factors influencing catalytic activity, specifically particle size and support effects.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-throughput synthesis and screening methodologies.
  • Performed model electrochemical studies on supported gold and platinum electrocatalysts.
  • Investigated precious metal dispersion on carbon and oxide supports, particularly titania.

Main Results:

  • Catalytic activity decreased with particle size below 2-3 nm for oxygen reduction and CO oxidation on gold and platinum, irrespective of the support.
  • Titania support enhanced gold catalyst activity for CO electrooxidation and oxygen reduction, with an optimum at 3 nm particle size.
  • Titania support influenced platinum's redox behavior, leading to strong poisoning of the oxidation-reduction reaction at small particle sizes.

Conclusions:

  • Particle size and support are critical parameters in electrocatalysis, mirroring effects seen in heterogeneous catalysis.
  • Understanding these effects through model studies drives the development of more effective and robust electrocatalysts.
  • Titania supports offer unique advantages but also present challenges depending on the metal and reaction studied.