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Related Concept Videos

Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
Coronary Circulation01:21

Coronary Circulation

The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...
Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle01:18

Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle describes the events from one heartbeat to the next. It includes three main phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole, all driven by changes in chamber pressures and the function of heart valves.
Diastole: The Relaxation Phase
During diastole, all four heart chambers relax. The atrioventricular (AV) valves open, and the semilunar valves close. This phase sees the lowest chamber pressures, promoting ventricular filling. Venous blood enters the heart through the...
Applications of Integration to Find Blood Flow01:27

Applications of Integration to Find Blood Flow

Blood flow through a cylindrical blood vessel can be mathematically described using the principles of laminar flow, a regime in which fluid moves smoothly in parallel layers. In this model, the velocity of the blood is not uniform across the cross-section of the vessel; rather, it varies with the radial distance from the center. The maximum velocity occurs along the central axis, decreasing progressively toward the vessel walls, where it reaches zero due to viscous drag.Approximating Blood...
Structure of Blood Vessels01:15

Structure of Blood Vessels

Blood is circulated throughout the human body through a network of blood vessels called the circulatory system. This system includes arteries that transport blood from the heart to various body parts. These arterial pathways divide into smaller vessels until they reach the arterioles, which further split into capillaries. It is within these minuscule capillaries that the exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place. After this exchange, the blood is collected by venules, which fuse to...
Overview of Blood Vessels01:14

Overview of Blood Vessels

The human cardiovascular system comprises five primary types of blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries, each serving unique functions.
Arteries and Arterioles: Arteries are muscular and elastic vessels that primarily carry oxygenated blood from the heart to body tissues, except for the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood. They have thick walls to withstand high pressure and contain a layer of muscle tissue, allowing them to expand or contract as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom
06:26

Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom

Published on: February 25, 2022

Blood velocity patterns in coronary arteries.

M K Wells, D C Winter, A W Nelson

    Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
    |May 31, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study used pulsed ultrasound Doppler to map coronary artery blood flow in ponies, revealing significant velocity fluctuations that may impact flow stability. These non-invasive measurements provide insights into coronary hemodynamics.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular Physiology
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Ultrasound Technology

    Background:

    • Understanding coronary artery blood flow is crucial for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases.
    • Non-invasive methods are preferred for studying hemodynamics to avoid patient distress and confounding factors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To map time-varying velocity waveforms in equine coronary arteries using pulsed ultrasound Doppler.
    • To analyze hemodynamic patterns and flow characteristics in major coronary branches without vessel invasion.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a pulsed ultrasound Doppler velocity meter for non-invasive velocity measurements.
    • Recorded and analyzed velocity waveforms and profiles in the main, descending, and circumflex branches of coronary arteries.
    • Calculated hemodynamic parameters including Reynolds number and Womersley unsteadiness parameter.

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    Optical Coherence Tomography Based Biomechanical Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Coronary Atherosclerosis Progression
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    Optical Coherence Tomography Based Biomechanical Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Coronary Atherosclerosis Progression

    Published on: January 15, 2022

    Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice
    06:39

    Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

    Published on: April 13, 2015

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    Last Updated: May 11, 2026

    Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom
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    Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom

    Published on: February 25, 2022

    Optical Coherence Tomography Based Biomechanical Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Coronary Atherosclerosis Progression
    13:07

    Optical Coherence Tomography Based Biomechanical Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Coronary Atherosclerosis Progression

    Published on: January 15, 2022

    Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice
    06:39

    Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

    Published on: April 13, 2015

    Main Results:

    • Successfully mapped velocity waveforms and profiles in equine coronary arteries.
    • Identified significant velocity fluctuations (5-10 Hz) in major coronary branches.
    • Estimated maximum shear rates at the vessel wall, ranging from 400 to 600 sec-1.
    • Observed peak Reynolds numbers between 300-600 and Womersley parameter < 4.0.

    Conclusions:

    • Pulsed ultrasound Doppler is effective for non-invasively mapping coronary blood flow dynamics.
    • Measured velocity fluctuations may play a role in flow stability and the development of separated flows within coronary arteries.
    • The study provides valuable hemodynamic data for equine coronary circulation.