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Related Concept Videos

Correlations02:20

Correlations

Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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The Influence of Affect on Cognition

Positive affect significantly influences cognitive processes, including evaluation, memory, creativity, and social judgments. Compared to negative affect, positive emotional states promote more favorable interpretations of stimuli, cognitive flexibility, and heuristic processing. These effects highlight emotions' powerful role in shaping how individuals perceive, remember, and interact with the world.Influence on Evaluation and AttributionWhen individuals experience positive affect, they are...
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Confidence Coefficient

The confidence coefficient is also known as the confidence level or degree of confidence. It is the percent expression for the probability, 1-α, that the confidence interval contains the true population parameter assuming that the confidence interval is obtained after sufficient unbiased sampling; for example, if the CL = 90%, then in 90 out of 100 samples the interval estimate will enclose the true population parameter. Here α is the area under the curve, distributed equally under both the...
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Correlation and Regression

In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is mathematically expressed by the correlation coefficient, which describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The coefficient is symbolically represented by 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive correlation where the two variables move in the same direction. A negative value suggests a negative...
Spearman's Rank Correlation Test01:20

Spearman's Rank Correlation Test

Spearman's rank correlation test, also known as Spearman's rho, is a nonparametric method for assessing the strength and direction of association between two variables. This test is particularly valuable when the data distribution is unknown or when the assumption of normality does not hold. Named after the English psychologist and statistician Dr. Charles Edward Spearman, it serves as the nonparametric counterpart to Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Spearman's test calculates correlation by...

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Confidence and memory: assessing positive and negative correlations.

Henry L Roediger1, K Andrew DeSoto

  • 1a Department of Psychology , Washington University in St. Louis , MO , USA.

Memory (Hove, England)
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metacognitive confidence in memory is generally reliable but can be misleading. Memory illusions occur when environmental factors, like similar lures and targets, cause confidence to inaccurately reflect accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Metacognition allows individuals to monitor their own cognitive states, including memory accuracy.
  • The relationship between confidence in memory recall and actual accuracy is debated, with studies showing both positive and null correlations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between confidence and accuracy in recognition memory.
  • To explore conditions under which this correlation might invert, leading to memory illusions.

Main Methods:

  • A recognition memory paradigm using categorized word lists.
  • Subjects studied category items, then underwent an old/new recognition test with confidence ratings.
  • Analysis focused on correlations between confidence and accuracy for both studied items and omitted lures.

Main Results:

  • A generally positive correlation between confidence and accuracy for studied items.
  • A negative correlation between confidence and accuracy for omitted items in certain analyses.
  • Identified similarity between lures and targets as a factor causing confidence-accuracy inversions.

Conclusions:

  • Memory confidence is typically a useful indicator of accuracy.
  • Specific environmental factors, such as highly similar lures, can create memory illusions where confidence is decoupled from accuracy.
  • Understanding memory illusions parallels understanding perceptual illusions: adaptive processes can fail under certain conditions.