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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle01:29

Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur is a vital element in Earth's biogeochemical systems. It transitions through various inorganic states, including sulfate (SO₄²⁻), elemental sulfur (S⁰), and sulfide (S²⁻). Abiotic and biological mechanisms across oxic and anoxic environments intricately mediate these transformations. Sulfate, the most oxidized form of sulfur, is predominantly stored in rocks, marine sediments, and oceanic waters, acting as a long-term reservoir in the global sulfur cycle.In oxic environments,...
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
09:31

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Published on: August 31, 2017

Role of sulphate in development.

Paul Anthony Dawson1

  • 1Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia. paul.dawson@mmri.mater.org.au

Reproduction (Cambridge, England)
|June 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Sulphate is vital for mammalian development, with the fetus relying on maternal supply. Maternal low sulphate levels can lead to fetal loss, underscoring its clinical importance.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Sulphate conjugation (sulphonation) by sulphotransferases modifies biological activities of steroids, proteins, and xenobiotics.
  • The balance of sulphonated versus unconjugated molecules is critical for mammalian growth and development.
  • Fetal development depends on maternal sulphate supply, with fetal levels doubling during gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the crucial role of sulphate in mammalian development.
  • To bridge basic science findings from animal models with human developmental disorders.
  • To increase clinical recognition of sulphate's importance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on sulphate metabolism and its role in development.

More Related Videos

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
15:19

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Published on: October 15, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
09:31

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Published on: August 31, 2017

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
15:19

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Published on: October 15, 2015

  • Analysis of animal model studies linking maternal hyposulphataemia to fetal outcomes.
  • Correlation of sulphonation disorders with human developmental conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • Maternal hyposulphataemia in mice is associated with fetal sulphate deficiency and pregnancy loss.
    • Disorders of sulphonation are linked to human developmental issues like skeletal dysplasias and premature adrenarche.
    • Technical challenges in sulphate measurement limit clinical understanding of its homeostasis.

    Conclusions:

    • Sulphate is an underappreciated but essential nutrient for mammalian development.
    • Perturbations in sulphate homeostasis can have significant consequences for fetal growth and health.
    • Further research and improved clinical measurement techniques are needed to fully understand sulphate's role in human health.