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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
08:20

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

Modulation of Treg cells/T effector function by GITR signaling is context-dependent.

Amal Ephrem1, Alan L Epstein, Geoffrey L Stephens

  • 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

European Journal of Immunology
|June 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) stimulation has complex effects on immune cells. GITR activation can expand regulatory T cells (Tregs) and conventional T cells (Tconvs), but may harm Tregs in inflammatory conditions.

Keywords:
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor-related receptor (GITR)Inflammatory bowel diseaseT effector cellsTreg cell

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells
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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) express high glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor-related receptor (GITR), while conventional T cells (Tconvs) express low levels.
  • GITR/GITR-Ligand (GITR-L) interaction manipulation enhances immune responses, but the mechanism (Tconv costimulation vs. Treg suppression reversal) is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct effects of GITR stimulation on Treg and Tconv cells.
  • To clarify the role of GITR in immune responses within different host environments, including inflammatory bowel disease models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nondepleting Fc-GITR-L and wild-type (WT) and GITR knockout (KO) Treg and Tconv cells.
  • Administered Fc-GITR-L to unmanipulated mice and mice with inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Reconstituted RAG KO mice with Tconv cells alone or Treg cells alone, followed by Fc-GITR-L treatment.

Main Results:

  • Fc-GITR-L treatment expanded both Treg and Tconv cells in mice.
  • In RAG KO mice with Tconvs alone, GITR-L induced Tconv expansion and severe inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Fc-GITR-L treatment led to Treg cell death and loss of protective effects in inflammatory models, and Foxp3 loss in isolated Tregs.

Conclusions:

  • GITR activation's impact is context-dependent, influenced by the host environment and cell activation states.
  • GITR stimulation can promote Tconv-mediated inflammation while potentially impairing Treg function in certain conditions.
  • The precise role of GITR in immune regulation requires further investigation considering its complex interactions with Treg and Tconv cells.