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Related Concept Videos

Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

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Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
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Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

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Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
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Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

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Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Identification and Quantification of Deranged Metabolites in Critically Ill Patients Using NMR-Based Metabolomics
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Identification and Quantification of Deranged Metabolites in Critically Ill Patients Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

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Review: toxicometabolomics.

Mounir Bouhifd1, Thomas Hartung, Helena T Hogberg

  • 1Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Chair for Evidence-based Toxicology, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.

Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT
|June 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolomics, the study of metabolites, is revolutionizing toxicology by identifying toxicity signatures. These patterns help predict adverse effects and understand toxicity mechanisms for 21st-century toxicity testing.

Keywords:
analytical chemistrybioinformaticsmetabolomicspathways of toxicityquality assurancetoxicity testing for the 21st century

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Metabolomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Metabolomics applications in toxicology are expanding due to mass spectrometry advancements.
  • Toxicology offers unique experimental control with toxicants to study metabolomics changes over time and dose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review metabolomics technologies and their applications in toxicology.
  • To explore metabolomics bioinformatics, pathway identification, and quality assurance.
  • To outline future prospects for metabolomics in regulatory toxicology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current metabolomics technologies (e.g., mass spectrometry).
  • Analysis of case studies demonstrating metabolomics use in toxicology.
  • Overview of bioinformatics tools for pathway analysis.

Main Results:

  • Metabolomics identifies toxicity signatures—metabolite patterns predicting hazard.
  • Specific modes of toxic action correlate with distinct metabolic disruptions.
  • These findings contribute to the Human Toxome concept for modern toxicity testing.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolomics is a powerful tool for understanding toxicity mechanisms and identifying hazards.
  • The integration of metabolomics advances Toxicity Testing for the 21st century.
  • Further applications in regulatory toxicology are anticipated.