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Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

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Related Experiment Video

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Alternate Immersion in Glucose to Produce Prolonged Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish

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Refractory changes in hyperosmolar diabetic decompensation: when hyperglycaemia improves vision.

Michel Golay¹, Walter Ferrini, Damien Tagan

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital Riviera Site Samaritain, Vevey, Switzerland. michelgolay@citycable.ch

BMJ Case Reports

|June 1, 2013

Summary

High blood sugar in type 2 diabetes can blur vision. In a rare case, developing hyperglycemia improved hypermetropia by causing myopization, temporarily enhancing vision.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Endocrinology
Diabetology

Background:

Type 2 diabetes affects 350 million people globally.
Diabetic complications include retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma, potentially leading to blindness.
Acute hyperglycemia can alter blood sugar levels, impacting ocular refraction and causing blurred vision.

Observation:

A case study involving a patient with pre-existing hypermetropia.
The patient experienced a rapid improvement in vision.
This visual change coincided with the development of hyperglycemia.

Findings:

Hyperglycemia induced myopization (nearsightedness) in the patient.
This refractive shift temporarily corrected the patient's hypermetropia.
The study highlights a unique, acute visual effect of hyperglycemia.

Implications:

Understanding acute visual changes in diabetes is crucial for patient care.
Refractive shifts due to hyperglycemia may mask or mimic other ocular conditions.
This case underscores the dynamic relationship between metabolic status and visual acuity.