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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides02:38

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain is more in the ring having a smaller number of...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
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Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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3,4-Dimeth-oxy-4'-methyl-biphen-yl.

Manu Lahtinen1, Sami Nummelin

  • 1University of Jyväskylä, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 35, FI-40014 JY, Finland.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|June 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of a C15H16O2 compound reveals a 30.5° dihedral angle between aromatic rings. Molecules form a 2D network through hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystal Engineering
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding intermolecular forces is crucial for designing crystalline materials.
  • Aromatic ring interactions significantly influence crystal packing and properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the crystal structure of the title compound (C15H16O2).
  • To investigate the role of non-covalent interactions in the formation of the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bonds (C-H⋯O) and C-H⋯π interactions was performed.

Main Results:

  • The dihedral angle between the aromatic ring planes was determined to be 30.5(2)°.
  • A two-dimensional network structure was observed, parallel to the (100) plane.
  • Intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π interactions mediate the crystal packing.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure is stabilized by a combination of hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions.
  • The observed 2D network highlights the importance of specific non-covalent interactions in directing crystal assembly.