Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –&NoBreak;CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO₂, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO₂R, –COR, –CO₂H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effect of Pressure on Liquid-Phase Adsorption on a Solid Surface.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026

Same author

Bacterial cell membrane models: choosing the lipid composition.

Soft matter·2025

Same author

Dissecting Bioelectrical Networks in Photosynthetic Membranes with Electrochemistry.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025

Same author

Chemisorption and physisorption of alcohols on iron(III) oxide-terminated surfaces from nonpolar solvents.

Journal of colloid and interface science·2025

Same author

Effect of the solvent quadrupolarizability on the strength of the hydrogen bond: Theory vs data for the Gibbs energy and enthalpy of homo- and heteroassociation between carboxylic acids and water.

The Journal of chemical physics·2023

Same author

Effect of Anionic Lipids on Mammalian Plasma Cell Membrane Properties.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Benzyl-ammonium hepta-noate.

Mary H Wood¹, Stuart M Clarke

¹BP Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|June 1, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A 1:1 salt formed from hepta-noic acid and benzyl-amine was synthesized. This salt structure differs from a previously reported 2:1 adduct, highlighting varied acid-amine interactions.

More Related Videos

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Published on: September 9, 2016

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Published on: September 9, 2016

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Supramolecular Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Acid-amine adducts exhibit diverse stoichiometric ratios and structural motifs.
Previous work reported a 2:1 adduct of hepta-noic acid and benzyl-amine.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a 1:1 stoichiometric salt of hepta-noic acid and benzyl-amine.
To investigate the structural differences between 1:1 and 2:1 acid-amine adducts.

Main Methods:

Proton transfer reaction between hepta-noic acid and benzyl-amine.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the crystal structure.

Main Results:

Formation of a 1:1 salt with the formula C7H10N(+)·C7H13O2 (-).
Identification of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds (R(2)4(8), R(4)4(12)) as primary interactions.
Observation of weak C-H⋯O interactions contributing to the crystal packing.

Conclusions:

The study successfully formed a novel 1:1 hepta-noic acid-benzyl-amine salt.
The crystal structure reveals specific hydrogen bonding patterns distinct from the 2:1 adduct.
This work contributes to understanding the factors governing acid-amine adduct stoichiometry and structure.