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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...

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Related Experiment Video

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An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
04:36

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2024

Novel pathogenic pathways in diabetic neuropathy.

Jennifer Zenker1, Dan Ziegler, Roman Chrast

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Trends in Neurosciences
|June 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects over a third of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Nodal regions are particularly sensitive, with altered ion channels and metabolism contributing to DPN progression.

Keywords:
Schwann cellaxondiabetic neuropathyinsulin resistanceion channelsmitochondria

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Cellular biology

Background:

  • Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus (DM).
  • Nodal regions of peripheral nerves, crucial for axon-glia interactions, are particularly vulnerable to DM-induced metabolic changes.
  • These regions are rich in insulin receptors, glucose transporters, ion channels, and mitochondria, all implicated in DPN.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific alterations in nodal regions of peripheral nerves in the context of diabetic complications.
  • To highlight the role of ion channel function and energy metabolism in DPN pathogenesis.
  • To explore the contribution of axon-glia crosstalk to DPN development.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying DPN.
  • It reviews existing literature and latest findings on the impact of metabolic changes on peripheral nerve function.
  • Emphasis is placed on the role of nodal regions and their components.

Main Results:

  • Nodal regions exhibit significant sensitivity to the metabolic consequences of DM.
  • Alterations in ion channel function and cellular energy metabolism are key contributors to DPN.
  • Axon-glia crosstalk plays a critical role in regulating these functions and DPN progression.

Conclusions:

  • Changes in ion channel activity and energy metabolism, influenced by axon-glia interactions, are central to DPN.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides a foundation for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting nodal region vulnerabilities may offer pathways to delay or reverse DPN.