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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...

Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

Research advances in polymer emulsion based on "core-shell" structure particle design.

Jian-zhong Ma¹, Yi-hong Liu, Yan Bao

¹College of Resources and Environment, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China. majz@sust.edu.cn

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

|June 4, 2013

Summary

This review explores polymer emulsions with core-shell structures, highlighting their synthesis, characterization, and applications in material science. Future trends in these advanced polymer composites are also discussed.

Keywords:

Core–shell structure Inorganic–organic Organic–organic Particle design Polymer emulsion

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Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

Published on: January 25, 2018

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

Published on: August 16, 2012

Area of Science:

Material Chemistry
Polymer Science

Background:

Polymer emulsions with core-shell structures are gaining attention due to their unique morphology and properties.
Organic coatings on inorganic or organic cores offer enhanced functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of recent advancements in core-shell polymer emulsions.
To discuss synthesis, characterization, and applications.
To explore future research trends.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on core-shell polymer emulsions.
Analysis of synthesis and characterization techniques.
Examination of diverse applications.

Main Results:

Significant progress in creating inorganic-organic and organic-organic core-shell polymer emulsions.
Demonstrated potential for enhanced material functions through rational design.
Identification of key application areas.

Conclusions:

Core-shell polymer emulsions represent a dynamic research area with broad applicability.
Further research into synthesis and application will drive innovation in polymer composites.