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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Reporter Genes02:11

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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Ratiometric Biosensors that Measure Mitochondrial Redox State and ATP in Living Yeast Cells
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Genetically encoded fluorescent redox sensors.

Konstantin A Lukyanov1, Vsevolod V Belousov

  • 1Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|June 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetically encoded fluorescent redox probes allow visualization of cellular redox reactions. This review highlights their advantages, disadvantages, and future development for monitoring reactive oxygen species and thiol redox states in live systems.

Keywords:
Fluorescent proteinHyPerroGFPrxYFP

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Redox reactions are fundamental to cellular functions.
  • Previously, direct observation of redox processes in living systems was limited.
  • Emerging imaging tools, including genetically encoded sensors, now enable visualization of cellular redox events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review genetically encoded fluorescent redox probes.
  • To discuss their properties, advantages, and limitations.
  • To highlight key findings and future directions in redox probe development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetically encoded fluorescent redox probes (e.g., HyPer, rxYFP, roGFPs).
  • Analysis of probe properties, including specificity and targeting.
  • Discussion of experimental results and potential challenges (e.g., pH changes).

Main Results:

  • Genetically encoded probes offer high specificity, transgenesis capability, and subcellular targeting.
  • HyPer and roGFP2-Orp1 are suitable for H2O2 detection.
  • roGFP1/2, rxYFP, and roGFP2-Grx1 are effective for GSH/GSSG redox state monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorescent protein-based redox probes are crucial for real-time monitoring of reactive oxygen species and thiol redox states.
  • Understanding probe-specific applications (e.g., H2O2 vs. GSH/GSSG) is vital for experimental design.
  • Future developments aim to expand the spectral range and target additional reactive species.