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Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

Circular code motifs in transfer RNAs.

Christian J Michel¹

¹Equipe de Bioinformatique Théorique, BFO, ICube, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400 Illkirch, France. c.michel@unistra.fr

Computational Biology and Chemistry

|June 4, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A circular code, termed X, was found in transfer RNAs (tRNAs) of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This discovery supports the theory of a translation code based on circular codes.

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Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Bioinformatics

Background:

A trinucleotide circular code (X) was identified in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes in 1996.
X motifs were subsequently found in transfer RNA (tRNA) and 16S ribosomal RNA in 2012.

Purpose of the Study:

To statistically analyze the occurrence of X motifs in all available prokaryotic and eukaryotic tRNAs.
To investigate the presence of circular code properties within tRNA sequences.

Main Methods:

Developed a search algorithm to identify X motifs in DNA sequences.
Utilized statistical analysis on tRNA populations from the genomic tRNA database.
Defined occurrence probabilities for X motifs and circular codes (X, X1, X2).

Main Results:

Identified X motifs in the 5' and/or 3' regions of 16 isoaccepting tRNAs (excluding Arg, His, Ser, Trp).
Found a circular code property in the 3' regions of 19 isoaccepting tRNAs (excluding Leu).
Statistical analyses were performed across diverse tRNA populations based on taxonomy, length, and score.

Conclusions:

The presence of X motifs and circular code properties in tRNAs supports the concept of a translation code based on circular codes.
This finding strengthens the proposed translation (framing) code based on circular codes.
The study highlights the significance of circular codes in both gene sequences and RNA structures.