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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

BACH2 represses effector programs to stabilize T(reg)-mediated immune homeostasis.

Rahul Roychoudhuri1, Kiyoshi Hirahara, Kambiz Mousavi

  • 1Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. roychoudhuri@mail.nih.gov

Nature
|June 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The transcription factor BACH2 is crucial for immune homeostasis. It maintains regulatory T cell function and represses effector cell differentiation, preventing autoimmune and allergic diseases.

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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Distinct CD4(+) T cell lineages can either promote or limit immune-mediated pathology.
  • Transcription factors are key to cellular diversity, with negative regulators stabilizing lineage commitment.
  • BACH2 gene polymorphisms are linked to various autoimmune and allergic diseases, suggesting a shared underlying mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the function of BACH2 in maintaining immune homeostasis.
  • To investigate BACH2's role in CD4(+) T cell differentiation and immune activation.
  • To understand how BACH2 influences the balance between immune tolerance and immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Studied mice with a disrupted Bach2 gene.
  • Assessed genome-wide function of BACH2.
  • Analyzed CD4(+) T cell differentiation and regulatory T cell (Treg) formation.

Main Results:

  • BACH2 is a broad regulator of immune activation, stabilizing immunoregulatory capacity.
  • BACH2 is essential for Treg cell formation and suppression of inflammation.
  • BACH2 absence leads to inappropriate diversion to effector lineages and constrains effector differentiation in TH1, TH2, and TH17 cells.

Conclusions:

  • BACH2 is a critical regulator of CD4(+) T cell differentiation.
  • BACH2 prevents inflammatory diseases by balancing immune tolerance and immunity.
  • BACH2's function is vital for preventing autoimmune and allergic conditions.