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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...

Lineage Commitment

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the process whereby stem cells:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Roles of small molecules in somatic cell reprogramming.

Jian-bin Su¹, Duan-qing Pei, Bao-ming Qin

¹Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica

|June 4, 2013

Summary

Mature cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent cells, advancing stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Small molecules are key tools for understanding and improving this reprogramming technology for cell therapy.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

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Published on: September 6, 2014

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

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Published on: July 30, 2016

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Area of Science:

Stem Cell Biology
Regenerative Medicine
Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

The 2012 Nobel Prize recognized reprogramming of mature cells to pluripotency, highlighting cell fate plasticity.
Rapid advancements in reprogramming technology have occurred, yet fundamental mechanisms remain unclear.
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) require robust standards for fidelity and safety assessment before clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of small molecules in enhancing cell reprogramming efficiency and quality.
To deepen the understanding of cellular mechanisms governing cell fate identity.
To improve the generation technology of stem cells for regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

Utilizing small molecules to modulate endogenous protein functions.
Regulating key cellular processes such as mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, metabolism, signal transduction, and epigenetics.
Investigating the impact of small molecules on clone formation efficiency and cell quality.

Main Results:

Small molecules serve as effective tools for modulating cellular processes relevant to reprogramming.
These molecules influence both the efficiency of generating reprogrammed cells and their overall quality.
Further understanding of stem cell biology is facilitated by the increasing availability of chemical modulators.

Conclusions:

Small molecules are crucial for advancing stem cell generation and reprogramming technologies.
Improved understanding of cell fate mechanisms through small molecule intervention can enhance iPSC applications.
Continued research with small molecules promises to refine stem cell therapies in regenerative medicine.