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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due to...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques01:30

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques

Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway interventions are...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

The Flexible Rhino-Laryngoscope for Awake Nasotracheal Intubation
03:58

The Flexible Rhino-Laryngoscope for Awake Nasotracheal Intubation

Published on: August 2, 2024

Sedation for flexible bronchoscopy: current and emerging evidence.

Ricardo J José1, Shahzad Shaefi, Neal Navani

  • 1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, University College Hospital, London, UK. r.jose@ucl.ac.uk

European Respiratory Review : an Official Journal of the European Respiratory Society
|June 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Sedation is crucial for flexible bronchoscopy, improving patient comfort and procedural success. This review offers guidance on pharmacological sedatives, addressing variations in practice and the debate around who administers sedation.

Keywords:
Anaesthesiabronchoscopymidazolamproceduralist administeredpropofolsedation

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Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach
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Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach

Published on: June 23, 2023

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

The Flexible Rhino-Laryngoscope for Awake Nasotracheal Intubation
03:58

The Flexible Rhino-Laryngoscope for Awake Nasotracheal Intubation

Published on: August 2, 2024

Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach
04:47

Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Flexible bronchoscopy is a key diagnostic and therapeutic tool for airway visualization.
  • Increasingly complex procedures necessitate effective sedation alongside topical anesthesia.
  • Current sedation practices for bronchoscopy lack standardization, leading to variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence supporting sedation in flexible bronchoscopy.
  • To provide clinicians with current guidance on pharmacological sedative use.
  • To discuss future directions for sedation in the bronchoscopy suite.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of evidence for sedation in bronchoscopy.
  • Analysis of current practices and controversies in sedation administration.
  • Synthesis of information to formulate clinical guidance.

Main Results:

  • Sedation is increasingly recognized as essential for flexible bronchoscopy.
  • Evidence supports the safety and cost-effectiveness of non-anesthetist administered sedation.
  • Significant variation exists in pre-procedure medication and sedative choices.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized sedation protocols are needed for flexible bronchoscopy.
  • Further research should address optimal sedation strategies and administration models.
  • Evidence supports the safe and effective use of sedation by non-anesthetists.