Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this defense.
Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Laboratory Protocols for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Transmission Biology and Management Research.

Current protocols·2026
Same author

Evolution of a novel engineered tripartite viral genome of a torradovirus.

Virus evolution·2024
Same author

Identification of a novel recombinant polerovirus and other emergent viruses and tombusvirus-like associated RNA species associated with carrot motley dwarf disease in the United States.

Frontiers in microbiology·2024
Same author

Dissecting dynamic plant virus synergism in mixed infections of poleroviruses, umbraviruses, and tombusvirus-like associated RNAs.

Frontiers in microbiology·2023
Same author

Construction and use of an infectious cDNA clone to identify aphid vectors and susceptible monocot hosts of the polerovirus barley virus G.

Virology·2023
Same author

High-quality, chromosome-scale genome assemblies: comparisons of three Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid) geographic populations.

DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes·2022
Same journal

A comparative genomic approach to identify determinants of meropenem resistance in <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> using pan-genome-wide association analysis.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Phthalazine-based quaternary ammonium salts: synthesis, biological evaluation and membrane-targeting mechanism against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Linking wet-lab and genomic approaches for reliable detection of carbapenemase-producing <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> in wastewater.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Synergistic modulation of the gut microbiome-liver-host metabolome axis associates with the therapeutic efficacy of Danlou tablet against metabolic syndrome.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Microbial-enzymatic coupling drives nitrogen stabilization during static pile composting of rice straw amended with contrasting nitrogen sources.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same journal

Editorial: Probiotics and bioactive agents in modulating harmful oral biofilms.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Crinivirus replication and host interactions.

Zsofia A Kiss1, Vicente Medina, Bryce W Falk

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, CA, USA.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|June 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Criniviruses, like Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV), are phloem-limited viruses transmitted by whiteflies. Their RNA genomes encode proteins essential for replication and virion structure, with some proteins influencing transmission and cell-to-cell movement.

Keywords:
Crinivirusphloem-limitedplasmalemma depositquintuple gene blockwhitefly vector

More Related Videos

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

Genome-wide RNAi Screening to Identify Host Factors That Modulate Oncolytic Virus Therapy
08:51

Genome-wide RNAi Screening to Identify Host Factors That Modulate Oncolytic Virus Therapy

Published on: April 3, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

Genome-wide RNAi Screening to Identify Host Factors That Modulate Oncolytic Virus Therapy
08:51

Genome-wide RNAi Screening to Identify Host Factors That Modulate Oncolytic Virus Therapy

Published on: April 3, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Plant Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Criniviruses are phloem-limited viruses within the Closteroviridae family, relying on whitefly vectors for transmission.
  • Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) is the type species, notable for being the first crinivirus with a developed reverse genetics system.
  • These viruses possess bipartite, positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes, with potential exceptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the functions of proteins encoded by LIYV RNA 1 and RNA 2.
  • To understand the replication mechanisms and structural components of criniviruses.
  • To identify factors involved in whitefly transmissibility and cell-to-cell movement.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of protein functions encoded by LIYV RNA 1 and RNA 2.
  • Investigation of viral replication in protoplasts.
  • Characterization of viral structural components and their roles.
  • Identification of proteins involved in vector transmission and host cell interactions.

Main Results:

  • LIYV RNA 1 encodes proteins essential for replication, inducing characteristic cytoplasmic vesicles.
  • LIYV RNA 2 replication is dependent on RNA 1-encoded protein P34 and occurs in trans.
  • Several RNA 2 proteins (CP, CPm, Hsp70h, P59) are virion components, with CPm crucial for whitefly transmissibility.
  • Proteins P26, P5, and P9 exhibit unique localization and potential roles in cell-to-cell movement and ER localization.

Conclusions:

  • LIYV RNA 1 and RNA 2 encode a complex array of proteins governing replication, virion assembly, and host interactions.
  • Specific proteins are critical for viral spread within the plant and transmission by whitefly vectors.
  • Further research is needed to fully define the roles of novel proteins like P9 unique to the Crinivirus genus.