On Estimation of Allele Frequencies via Next-Generation DNA Resequencing with Barcoding

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized biomedical research in recent years. It is now commonly used to identify rare variants through re-sequencing individual genomes. Due to the cost of NGS, researchers have considered pooling samples as a cost-effective alternative to individual sequencing. In this article, we consider the estimation of allele frequencies of rare variants through the NGS technologies with pooled DNA samples with or without barcodes. We consider three methods for estimating allele frequencies from such data, including raw sequencing counts, inferred genotypes, and expected minor allele counts and compare their performance. Our simulation results suggest that the estimator based on inferred genotypes overall performs better than or as well as the other two estimators. When the sequencing coverage is low, biases and MSEs can be sensitive to the choice of the prior probabilities of genotypes for the estimators based on inferred genotypes and expected minor allele counts so that more accurate specification of prior probabilities is critical to lower biases and MSEs. Our study shows that the optimal number of barcodes in a pool is relatively robust to the frequencies of rare variants at a specific coverage depth. We provide general guidelines on using DNA pooling with barcoding for the estimation of allele frequencies of rare variants.