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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development
08:25

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

Transitional B cell subsets in human bone marrow.

S Agrawal1, S A B C Smith, S G Tangye

  • 1Immunology Department, SydPath, St Vincent's Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, NSW, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|June 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transitional B cells, crucial for immunity, were identified in human bone marrow. This suggests these early immune cells can mature within the bone marrow before migrating to the blood.

Keywords:
CD21bone marrowflow cytometryhumantransitional B cells

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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • B cells are key components of the adaptive immune system, originating from bone marrow precursors.
  • Transitional B cells represent the earliest stages of B cell development, with subsets T1 and T2 previously characterized in human blood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and phenotype of transitional B cells within normal human bone marrow.
  • To determine if transitional B cell differentiation occurs within the bone marrow.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 27 normal human bone marrow samples using eight-colour flow cytometry.
  • Identification and quantification of T1 and T2 transitional B cell subsets based on specific cell surface markers (CD45, CD19, CD10, IgM, IgD, CD24, CD38, CD21).

Main Results:

  • T1 and T2 transitional B cells were identified in human bone marrow at frequencies of 3.2% and 3.1% of B lineage cells, respectively.
  • Bone marrow transitional B cells exhibited a CD24(hi)CD38(hi) phenotype, similar to their blood counterparts.
  • T2 B cells demonstrated significantly higher CD21 expression than T1 B cells in the bone marrow, mirroring peripheral blood findings.

Conclusions:

  • Transitional B cells are present in human bone marrow and share phenotypic characteristics with blood transitional B cells.
  • The data support the hypothesis that transitional B cells can differentiate from T1 to T2 stages within the bone marrow.
  • Both T1 and T2 transitional B cells may be capable of egressing from the bone marrow into circulation.