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Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
Colloids03:22

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock
16:31

Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

Published on: June 6, 2011

Crystalloids vs. colloids: KO at the twelfth round?

Dennis P Phillips, A Murat Kaynar, John A Kellum

    Critical Care (London, England)
    |June 5, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) did not significantly alter 90-day mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. While HES showed a lower rate of acute kidney injury (AKI), it was associated with increased need for renal replacement therapy and adverse events.

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    Published on: January 6, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Critical Care Medicine
    • Nephrology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • The safety and efficacy of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) for fluid resuscitation in intensive care units (ICUs) require further evaluation due to reported adverse effects on survival and renal function.
    • Previous studies have indicated potential risks associated with HES, necessitating large-scale trials to clarify its role in fluid management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (130/0.4) in 0.9% saline compared to 0.9% saline alone for fluid resuscitation in a diverse ICU patient population.
    • To determine the impact of HES on 90-day mortality, acute kidney injury (AKI), and the requirement for renal replacement therapy.

    Main Methods:

    • A large-scale, multicenter, prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial (Crystalloid versus Hydroxyethyl Starch Trial - CHEST) involving 7,000 adult ICU patients.
    • Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either 6% HES (130/0.4) in saline or saline alone for fluid resuscitation.
    • Primary outcome was 90-day mortality; secondary outcomes included AKI and renal replacement therapy.

    Main Results:

    • No significant difference in 90-day mortality was observed between the HES group (18.0%) and the saline group (17.0%) (RR 1.06; P=0.26).
    • Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred less frequently in the HES group (34.6%) compared to the saline group (38.0%) (RR 0.91; P=0.04).
    • However, renal replacement therapy was required more often in the HES group (7.0%) than in the saline group (5.8%) (RR 1.21; P=0.04), and HES was associated with significantly more adverse events (5.3% vs 2.8%; P<0.001).

    Conclusions:

    • In ICU patients, 6% HES (130/0.4) resuscitation did not significantly affect 90-day mortality compared to saline.
    • Despite a lower incidence of AKI, HES resuscitation was linked to a higher need for renal replacement therapy and an increased occurrence of adverse events.
    • The findings suggest a need for careful consideration of HES use in ICU fluid resuscitation due to potential risks outweighing benefits in certain outcomes.