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Larynx

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and...

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.

Trachea

Trachea

The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
Location: About half of the trachea is situated in the neck, anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx (at the level of the...

Pharynx

Pharynx

The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx, bordered by the conchae of the nasal cavity, serves exclusively as an air conduit. In its superior region, the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located. These tonsils are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue akin to a lymph node. The precise...

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla. Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by anesthetizing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Methods for Detecting Cough and Airway Inflammation in Mice

Methods for Detecting Cough and Airway Inflammation in Mice

Published on: August 2, 2024

The larynx in cough.

Guri S Sandhu¹, Romana Kuchai

¹Consultant Otolaryngologist, Imperial College London, London, UK. g.sand@btinternet.com.

Cough (London, England)

|June 5, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic cough affects 40% of people, often linked to upper airway cough syndrome or reflux. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended for effective diagnosis and management of this common condition.

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Machine Learning-Based Cough Tone Classification: Diagnostic Exploration of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Tract Infections

Machine Learning-Based Cough Tone Classification: Diagnostic Exploration of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Tract Infections

Published on: September 19, 2025

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Pulmonology
Gastroenterology

Background:

Chronic cough affects 40% of the population, disproportionately impacting women.
Common causes include upper airway cough syndrome, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, and asthma, yet only a subset of patients with these conditions develop chronic cough.
Diagnostic challenges exist for post-nasal drip and laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Purpose of the Study:

To advocate for a unified approach to the upper and lower airways in diagnosing chronic cough.
To highlight the need for collaboration among specialists.

Main Methods:

Review of common causes of chronic cough.
Discussion of diagnostic limitations.
Proposal of a multidisciplinary care model.

Main Results:

Identified diagnostic complexities in common chronic cough etiologies.
Emphasized the continuum of pathology across upper and lower airways.

Conclusions:

A multidisciplinary approach integrating respiratory, otolaryngology, gastroenterology, and speech pathology is advocated.
This collaborative model aims to improve the diagnosis and management of chronic cough.