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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Cellular Injury I: Introduction01:00

Cellular Injury I: Introduction

Cellular injury occurs when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis or adapt to stressors such as hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. Depending on severity and duration, injury may be reversible, allowing recovery, or irreversible, leading to cell death.General Mechanisms of Cell InjuryAlthough causes vary, most cellular injuries arise from a few key mechanisms that disrupt essential functions and often amplify one another. Cell survival depends on the extent and balance of these disturbances.ATP depletion...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry
05:29

Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 24, 2023

Cellular mechanisms controlling caspase activation and function.

Amanda B Parrish1, Christopher D Freel, Sally Kornbluth

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|June 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Caspases, key enzymes in apoptosis, are tightly regulated through various mechanisms. Emerging research reveals their roles beyond cell death, highlighting the need for stringent control.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry
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Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation
08:47

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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
10:23

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Caspases are essential proteases that execute programmed cell death (apoptosis).
  • They are synthesized as inactive precursors and activated by specific stimuli.
  • Regulation of caspase activity is crucial for cellular homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted regulation of caspases.
  • To explore the emerging roles of caspases in non-apoptotic cellular processes.
  • To emphasize the importance of stringent caspase control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of caspase activation and regulation.
  • Analysis of post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, ubiquitylation).
  • Examination of interactions with modulatory factors.

Main Results:

  • Caspases are activated by various stimuli and regulated by adaptor proteins.
  • Post-translational modifications and interactions with modulatory factors fine-tune caspase activity.
  • Caspases are implicated in cellular processes beyond apoptosis.

Conclusions:

  • Caspase regulation is complex, involving multiple layers of control.
  • Understanding non-apoptotic caspase functions is critical for preventing unintended cell death.
  • Further research into caspase regulation will have broad implications.